The term "Federal Immigration Authorities" broadly refers to the United States federal agencies responsible for administering, enforcing, and adjudicating immigration laws. These agencies operate under different departments, primarily the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Department of Justice (DOJ), each with specialized functions. Historically, immigration enforcement was managed by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) within the DOJ until 2002. Post-9/11 security reforms led to the Homeland Security Act of 2002, which abolished INS and transferred immigration responsibilities to DHS. DHS now houses three key agencies: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) handling immigration benefits and naturalization; Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) focusing on enforcement and removal; and Customs and Border Protection (CBP), which manages border security and customs enforcement[2][5]. The DOJ retains immigration adjudication authority through the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR), which includes the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA)—the highest administrative body interpreting immigration laws. EOIR also comprises administrative offices supporting policy, IT infrastructure, and operational management[1]. Key achievements of these federal immigration authorities include the establishment of a structured and layered immigration system capable of processing millions of applications, enforcing immigration laws, and managing complex adjudications. Technological advancements, driven by EOIR’s Office of Information Technology and USCIS, have modernized case processing and data management, enhancing efficiency and transparency. Currently, federal immigration authorities oversee a complex system involving visa categories, asylum, enforcement, and citizenship pathways. Numerical limits and per-country ceilings regulate immigration flows, balancing economic needs with national security[4]. The agencies continue to evolve amid changing immigration policies and technological integration, remaining critical players in U.S. immigration governance. Notably, their work intersects closely with legal, humanitarian, and labor domains, reflecting the multifaceted challenges of immigration management in a dynamic global context. Their ongoing adaptations to policy, technology, and enforcement practices make the